/

Hidup Bersama Orang Mati: Ritual dan Upacara Adat Suku Toraja di Indonesia

  • Kumar Satyam Dr Bhim Rao Ambedkar College, University of Delhi
  • Ravi Ranjan Kumar Assistant Professor, Department of Social Work, Rajiv Gandhi University, Papum Pare, Arunachal Pradesh
Kata Kunci: Ma’nene, Rambu Solo, Ritual kematian, Toraja

Abstrak

Makalah ini menyoroti interaksi dan hubungan antara yang hidup dan yang mati pada masyarakat Toraja di Indonesia. Ritual kematian dan praktik pemakaman yang unik lazim di Pulau Sulawesi di negara ini. Ada dua ritual seperti itu yang disebut Ma'nene dan Rambu Solo, yang menekankan peran orang yang meninggal dalam kehidupan keluarga dan masyarakat. Dalam adat istiadat ini, orang yang meninggal tidak langsung dikuburkan, tetapi disimpan di rumah mereka. Gagasan ini menyoroti kepercayaan mereka tentang kehidupan, kematian, dan ingatan. Makalah ini meneliti pentingnya perspektif masyarakat Toraja tentang kematian dan bagaimana hal itu memperkuat identitas keluarga dan budaya. Makalah ini juga memberikan pandangan mendalam tentang bagaimana ritual kematian berkontribusi pada hubungan masyarakat lintas budaya. Penelitian ini memadukan perspektif antropologis, sosiologis, dan filosofis untuk mengeksplorasi tradisi pemakaman yang unik dari masyarakat Toraja. Penelitian ini berupaya mengungkap makna yang melekat dan implikasi praktis dari ritual-ritual ini, memberikan wawasan yang lebih dalam tentang aspek-aspek mendasar dari kehidupan, kematian, dan signifikansinya dalam masyarakat manusia. Praktik-praktik tradisional ini mencerminkan ikatan spiritual dan budaya yang mendalam dengan tanah dan leluhur, memberikan wawasan tentang cara hidup masyarakat Toraja yang unik. Dalam hal ini, makalah ini juga mengeksplorasi implikasi untuk penelitian dan praktik masa depan

Referensi

Adams, K. (1993) ‘Club Dead, Not Club Med: Staging Death in Contemporary Tana Toraja (Indonesia)’, Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science (now Asian Journal of Social Science), 21(2), pp. 62-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/030382493X00116

Adams, K.M. (1993) ‘The discourse of souls in Tana Toraja (Indonesia): indigenous notions and Christian Conceptions’, Ethnology, 32(1), pp. 55-68. https://www.researchgate.net/ publiction/267927737_The_Discourse_of_Souls_in_Tana_Toraja_Indonesia_Indigenous_Notions_and_Christian_Conceptions

Aswar, Tang, M., Sani, M.Y., & Basir, M (2020) ‘Function and meaning of symbolic fashion in Rambu Solo’ceremony’, European Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 8(3), pp.17-25.https://www.idpublications. org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/ Full-Paper-Function-And-Meaning-Of-Symbolic-Fashion-In-Rambu-Solo%E2%80%99-Ceremony.pdf

Baan, A., Allo, M.D.G., & Markus & Patak, A.A. (2022) ‘The Cultural Attitudes of a Funeral Ritual Discourse in the Indigenous Torajan, Indonesia’, Pub Med.https://doi.org.10.1016/j.heliyon. 2022.e08925

Coville, E. (2020) ‘Remembering our dead: the care of the ancestors in Tana Toraja’ In The Potent Dead, pp. 69-87, Routledge. https://doi.org/ 10.4324/9781003118176-5.

de Jong, E.B.P. (2008) ‘Living with the dead. The economics of culture in the Torajan Highlands, Indonesia. Kontrast: Oosterbeek. https://namibian-studies.com/index. php/JNS/article/download/6043/4128/12130

Gillan, J 2023, ‘Elaborate Funeral Rituals and Exhumation of the Dead in Toraja Culture’, Ancient Origins. https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-asia/toraja-people-and-most-complex-funeral-rituals-world-001268

Grillo, L.S. (2008) ‘Rambu Solo’: the Toraja Cult of the Dead and Embodied Imagination’, Varieties of Mythic Experience: Essays on Religion, Psyche and Culture. https://www.laurasgrillo.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Grillo-2008-TORAJA-CULT-OF-DEAD-.pdf.

Hasbi, Pulubuhu, D.A.T., Arsyad, M., & Liu, O.P. (2019) ‘Transformation of traditional ceremony as rational choice: A case study of Toraja society in Indonesia’, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science.https://doi.org.10.1088/1755-1315/235/1/012036

Herianah (2012) ‘Representasi nilai budaya himne Pasomba Tedong: Sebuah cermin kearifan lokal masyarakat Toraja [Representation of the cultural values of the Pasomba Tedong12 pt hymn: a reflection of the local wisdom of the Toraja society]’, Metasastra, 5(1), pp. 21–34. https://doi.org.10.26610/metasastra.2012.v5i1.21-34

Hoppenbrouwers, T, Sandarupa, S, Donzelli, A 2018, ‘From the womb to the tree: child rearing practices and beliefs among the Toraja of Sulawesi’, Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia, 18(3), pp. 658–691. https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1178&context=wacana

Matana, J.N., Tahir, T., Hasan, M., Ahmad, M.I.S., & Inanna (2020) ‘Social, Economic and Cultural Perspectives in Funeral Ceremony Rambu Solo’ in Toraja Utara Regency’, International Journal of Arts and Social Science, 3(5), pp. 197-202. https://zenodo.org/record/7727090

Mathane, T.P., Exploring the feasibility of green burials in the City of Tswane Metropolitan Municipality (Doctoral dissertation). https://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/items/231bb070-7719-42b9-9684-85ee804afaa2

Mitchell, S. (2021) ‘The tribe that keeps their dead relatives at home’, Escape. https://www.escape.com.au/destinations/asia/the-tribe-that-keeps-their-dead-relatives-at-home/image-gallery/6b4fc89987417563bd9f9f128131ec28

Naomi, R., Matheosz, J.N., & Deeng, D. (2020) ‘Upacara rambu Solo’ di kelurahan padangiring kecamatan rantetayo kabupaten Tana Toraja’, HOLISTIK, Journal of Social and Culture, 13(4). https://ejournal. unsrat.ac.id/index.php/holistik/article/view/30779

Palayukan, A.R. (2021) ‘Perception and implication of Ma’badong tradition in the Rambu Solo’Ceremony in the Lembang Pemanukan community, districts gangdang batu sillanan district Tana Toraja’, Jurnal Edu Civic, 9(1), pp. 15-25. https://jurnal.fkip.untad.ac.id/index.php/educ/article/view/1768/1287

Pasande, D.S. (2013) ‘Budaya Longko’ toraja dalam Perspektif Etika Lawrence Kohlberg [Longko' toraja culture in Ethical Perspective Lawrence Kohlberg]’, Jurnal Filsafat, 23(2), pp. 117–133. https://philpapers.org/ rec/PASBLT

Pulubuhu, D.A.T., Arsyad, M. & Liu, O.P. (2019) ‘Transformation of Traditional Ceremony as rational choice: A case study of Toraja Society in Indonesia’, In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 235(1), pp. 012036. https://iopscience.iop.org/ article/10.1088/1755-1315/235/1/012036

Rao, C.S. (1990) 'Sociology Principles of Sociology with an Introduction to Social Thought', New Delhi, India: S. Chand & Company Ltd.

Sandarupa, S. (2015) ‘Glokalisasi Spasio-Temporal dalam Agama Aluk to Dolo oleh Agama Kristen di Toraja [Spasio-Temporal Glocalization in Aluk to Dolo Religion by Christianity in Toraja]’, Sosiohumaniora, 17(1), pp. 86. https://jurnal.unpad.ac.id/ sosiohumaniora/article/view/5677

Said, A.A. (2004) ‘Simbolisme Unsur Visual Rumah Tradisional Toraja Dan Perubahan Aplikasinya Pada Desain Modern [Symbolism of Visual Elements of Traditional Toraja Houses and Changes in its Application to Modern Design Ombak, Yogyakarta’.

Sayoga, P. (2020) ‘In Indonesia, a Blurred Boundary Between the Living and the Dead’, The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/14/travel/torajan-death-rituals-indonesia.html

Sihombing, L.H. (2022) ‘Rituals and myths at the death ceremony of the Toraja People: Studies on the Rambu Solo Ceremony’, Satwika: Kajian Ilmu Budaya Dan Perubahan Sosial, 6(2), pp.352-366. https://doi.org/10.22219/ satwika.v6i2.22785

Sumiaty, M.H., Randalele, C.E., Iye, R. & Nur Abida, F.I. (2023) ‘The value of Tallu Lolona and its influence to the life of Toraja people’, Cogent Social Sciences, 9(2), pp. 2262775. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/376483579_The_value_of_Tallu_Lolona_and_its_influence_to_the_life_of_Toraja_people

Trenchard, T. & d'Unienville, A. M. (2019) The ‘Dead Live With Their Loved Ones On This Indonesian Island’, NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections /goatsandsoda/2019/09/29/764638760/photos-the-dead-live-with-their-loved-ones-on-this-indonesian-island

Tsintjilonis, D. (2000) ‘Death and the sacrifice of signs: ‘Measuring’the dead in Tana Toraja’, Oceania, 71(1), pp. 1-17. https://www.jstor.org/ stable/40331768

Waterson, R. (1993) ‘Taking the Place of Sorrow: The Dynamics of Mortuary Rites among the Sa'dan Toraj’, Asian Journal of Social Science, 21(2), pp. 73-96. https://brill.com/view/journals /ajss/21/2/article-p73_5.xml? language=en

Wellenkamp, J.C. (1988) ‘Order and disorder in Toraja thought and ritual’, Ethnology, 27(3), pp. 311-326. https://www.proquest.com/ scholarly-journals/order-disorder-toraja-thought-ritual/docview/ 1298059771/se-2

Diterbitkan
2025-02-27